Campus Engagement #2

For my last Women’s Studies Campus Engagement Event, I attended one of the To Your Health Thursdays offered by the Florida School of Holistic Living. My first thoughts upon arriving were, “I’m not sure how reliable all of this information is” and “my grandmother would love this place” (because of her interest in herbal remedies and holistic treatments; I am not making any insinuations that this type of thing is only for women of grandmotherly age). My doubts about the scientific basis of the information disseminated is likely due to the scientific nature of my courses.

However, despite my initial trepidation, I did find the information interesting. The presentation was by Lu Muller-Kaul and was about a massage-like treatment called Rolfing ®. She was educated in it in first Boulder, and then finished her Rolfing training in Brazil. She was there to explain to us what exactly Rolfing is, as well as what the potential health benefits are. In summary, Rolfing is designed to rearrange the fascial web into its original and natural place. The fascial web is connective tissue that binds one’s muscles together, and also keeps everything in its proper place. However, in our daily lives, whether they are overly sedentary or involve intense physical activity, this web can shift, causing misalignment, pain, and poor posture. The web can be shifted back, though, and this is the basis of Rolfing; massage designed to put the web back into its proper place, therefore restoring proper health. Rolfing is normally done in a series of ten session designed to cover the whole body, and then the last few target specific problem areas.

After covering the basics of Rolfing, Ms. Muller-Kaul next showed us some of what Rolfing is in real life. She had volunteers from the class walk in front of her, and then analyzed them to see what potential problems they might have. She accurately guessed a few things about the people. I was one of the volunteers, and I was impressed that all of the things she said about my posture and gait made perfect sense given my lifestyle. The two things she pointed out about me was that I walk on the outsides of my feet, and that my back muscles seem tight. This is likely very much true due to my extra-activities.

Overall, while I did find the presentation informative. I would like to see more evidence of what Rolfing is before I personally could commit to a Rolfing session, particularly as the set of ten appointments is a little over a thousand dollars. I am sure that this information is out there, and wouldn’t take too much effort to find.

Service Learning Log #2

A few weeks have passed since my last Service Learning post, and, as could be expected, a lot has happened. We met our fundraising and tool goals, and the class went to the garden. As I did not go to Fellsmere, the fundraising and tool collecting is most pertinent to me. Fundraising was left to the last minute. Not purposefully, but Spring Break caused everyone to lose the momentum for a week, and the garden day went from feeling far away to being right upon us. Thankfully, everyone banded together to table for donations, and it worked out well. The tool drive operated similarly. It was also left to the last minute, and I think because everyone felt like they only had a couple tools, the whole class must only have a few, but we ended surpassing our goal of 30 tools. In this coming week we will complete our project through a tabling initiative to disseminate information about global environmental issues affecting women, and present in the Service Learning Showcase.

In doing the reading for class lately, as well as in class discussion, the issue of choice vs. non-choice in regards to prostitutes/sexually exploited girls (and women) keeps coming up again and again. It appears in the text where Lloyd states that “It is presumed that somewhere along the line they ‘chose’ this life, and this damns them to be seen as willing participants in their own abuse” (74). While this perception of those involved in sex trafficking, especially domestic, is quite common, it is also a common perception, in my experiences, of those who are involved with labor trafficking. In fact, according to the Excluded Workers Congress, “some 15,000 to 20,000 workers in the United States are subject to labor abuse severe enough to merit the term ‘human trafficking’” (“Farmworkers”). Despite this little known fact, I have encountered many people who do not see the plight of farmworkers as pressing as it really is. On one tabling day, I was speaking to one man who worked on farms himself in his childhood and does not remember it being bad and that it paid well. Upon hearing that farmworkers now often do not make minimum wage, he says that they need to pick faster. It is this sort of thinking that leads to the belief that farmworkers could have better conditions if they just worked harder, and therefore are choosing their lifestyle.

In regards to what I am getting from this class project, I am getting a greater desire to work to remove the injustices in this world, but I can decisively say that at this point I do not want to lead any sort of global activism work but would rather be a participant. Despite what was said in class about their being too many people who are only thinking “What can I do?” I honestly think that is the best thing that can happen from this class project (along with a greater understanding of course materials, of course) because the only way to effect a positive change in the world is to take steps, however small, towards that change, and that cannot happen easily without public support.

Works Cited:

Lloyd, R. Girls like us. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2011.

NA, . "Farmworkers." excludedworkerscongress.org. The Excluded Workers Congress, n.d. Web. 13 Apr 2012.

Response

I responded to Shelby's post, and my response can be found in a comment underneath her post as well as here.

I agree with you that we don’t see victims of human trafficking as true victims. We see them as common prostitutes. Of course, that is we see them that way if they are not white, upper class, with no criminal record. If a girl or woman fits this description, then she makes a good victim, and will be treated as such. This, however, ignores the fact that the rest of the human trafficking industry contains victims, too. Yes, even those girls who work in trip clubs, date much older men, and have substance abuse problems. The problem is that while these girls still fit into the formal definition of human trafficking, they often don’t fit into the common definition, which, as described above, mostly includes girls who are perceived as innocent.
According to the “Sex Trafficking Fact Sheet” from the Department of Health and Human Services, victims may suffer a variety of problems, including “traumatic bonding” where the victim becomes attached to the person who traffics them. This very attachment to a pimp, though described as a not unheard of issue by the Department of Health and Human Services (a reputable source), may de-victimize girls in the eyes of the public and law enforcement. Once she shows attachment to her pimp, she is seen as having chosen a life of abuse and prostitution, and therefore completely responsible for the decision. This steals away from many victims the opportunity to press charges against an abuser and win the case, and gives her a criminal charge of prostitution rather than the help that she needs. Society as a whole needs to be more knowledgeable on what constitutes a victim so that we are not leaving young girls and women in the hands of a very abusive underground system.

Works Cited:
“Sex Trafficking Fact Sheet.” N.D. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. Department of Health and Human Resources. Web. Accessed 10 April 2012.

Girls Like Us Response

I have two quotes, both from Chapter Four:

1. “It reminds me of a macabre version of the Choose Your Own Adventure books: A few option along the way will eventually lead to one of not many outcomes. I you chose running away from your mom, skip to page 6, where you’ll meet a pimp on the subway. If you chose running away from a group home, skip to page 7, where you’ll meet a girl who’ll introduce you to a pimp. If you’re homeless and feel like you have to trade sex in exchange for a place to sleep that night, jump ahead to page 15, where you’ll be living with a guy who now sells you every night” (Lloyd 72).

2. “Some of the girls, however, have been forced into the sex industry through kidnapping and violence, held at gunpoint, pushed into a car, kept in a locked room. Girls are then raped, often gang-raped initially, to break their will” (Lloyd 74).

Society often seems to view only those girls described in the second quote as victims of trafficking. Girls who “choose” it by going home with men who later turn into pimps, or who see it as the only option (or not even an option) are then thought of as prostitutes rather than victims. Grace Kahng describes this in her articles for MSNBC entitled “Sex slaves, human trafficking- in America?” where she reports on two girls from Ukraine who are tricked into coming to the United States and then forced to work in a strip club. They fit the picture painted for us of human trafficking; innocent girls who, with physical force and threats, are made to work in the sex industry. Girls who are not physically forced, and people who aren’t involved in the sex industry, are not considered as being trafficked so much.

This is apparent even in the definition given in the prompt, as sexual exploitation is the first thing listed as a part of human trafficking. When the term is used, that is mostly what we think of, despite the fact that the larger part of human trafficking is in non-sexual industries (Chuang 2010). By only focusing on this single segment of the trafficking industry, and focusing our legislation and reform on that (Chuang 2010) we are allowing other to be further victimized. People made to work in agriculture are ignored, as are those imported (as much as I hate to use that term in reference to people) to work as domestic labor.

So why do we do this? While I do not have any evidence to support this, I would think because society associates so much drama and glamour with sex. We love the idea of a wild story, and college women brought over from Ukraine with the promise of a summer job, but then made to work in a strip club make good stories. The tale of a middle-aged man made to pick squash is just not as exciting to most people, despite the fact that he is just as much a victim.

Works Cited:

Chuang, Janie A. “Rescuing Trafficking from Ideological Capture: Prostitution Reform and Anti-Trafficking Law and Policy.” 2010. American University, Washington College of Law. Web. Accessed 9 April 2012. <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1669973>

Kahng, Grace. “Sex slaves, human trafficking-in America?” 2007. MSNBC.com. Web. Accessed 9 April 2012. <http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/22083762/ns/today-today_news/t/sex-slaves-human-trafficking-america/#.T4OIxJk7WAg>

Service Learning Log

In the past few weeks, we have worked on jumpstarting our project to work with YAYA to assist the Fellsmere farmworker community with their garden. This has entailed talking with YAYA about what is needed, attending YAYA meetings, as well as conducting our own meetings about this project. Lastly, we have planned fundraisers to take place in the coming week. While this sounds simple here, in practice this was much more difficult than it sounds. Organizing 19 people (now 17) to do something all together is messy, especially in regards to scheduling. However, we have done our best to move forward with our project.

Another difficulty encountered with this project is something Trinh called “White Cancer”* (Trinh 54). When I read the section on this, which was while we were in the early stages of project planning/coordinating, I immediately thought of our project. We were going about our project with exactly the attitude described by Trinh, and then later by Russo where she calls on us to join movements rather than try and spearhead them. We wanted to save these people from their misfortunes, mistakenly seeing ourselves as almost rescuers. I may be slightly exaggerating, but basically we were going about trying to work for farmworkers rather than with farmworkers. Thankfully, we realized the errors in our thinking and starting working with the farmworker organizations.

Along with a greater understanding of Trinh’s work as a result of service learning, I also have gained a new respect for those who organize across national boundaries, as we in the class have found that it is difficult. Communicating across the world has not been as speedy or efficient as we in the class hoped, and this primarily is what has increased my regard for those who operate across borders, as I have a slight understanding of the effort that must be put into it.

*I use the term “white cancer” because it was the phrase Trinh used in her book. However, I think it was more of a cancer caused by our position of academic and class privilege rather than stemming from race, though race may also have played a part.

Trinh, T M.-H. Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. Print.

Service Learning Proposal Round Two!

Date: March 15th, 2012

To: Professor Meredith Tweed

From: Kira Peterman

Re: WST 4015 Service Learning Proposal

Mission Statement:

To fight for agricultural justice and improvement of women’s rights in the farmworker community through fundraising and volunteering with YAYA and communication and cooperation with our [to be determined] global partner.

Organizational Structure:

Secretary: record keeping (includes tracking attendance), maintenance of Google group

Scheduler: maintains Google calendar and plans attendance to events

Task-based committees:

§ Headed by a Committee Chairperson who acts as the liaison for the committee and ensures efficiency of meetings

Community partner liaisons (2): communicate with community partners and attend YAYA meetings

Global partner liaisons (2): work with fundraising committee

Ethics Committee (3): ensures mindful action, implements “three strike” policy

Three Strike Policy:

§ Failure to complete a task or attend a designated event results in one strike

§ First and second strikes result in voting restrictions

§ Three strikes results in a meeting with the ethics committee and Professor Tweed

Fundraising Organizers (4): responsible for coordinating an event and/or delegating responsibilities to other members to ensure that we are able to provide at least $190 (for food), 19 rakes and 19 shovels to YAYA for the community garden project.

Every member is accountable for their own attendance and participation. If a member is unable to attend an event, they must notify the scheduler. The Ethics Committee and “three strike” policy were conceived to deal with situations in which a member fails to be accountable for themselves.

Our group is democratically structured and focuses on working with, rather than for, our community. We have chosen this organizational strategy because, based on the NGOs that have come before us, operating through task-based committees (where personal accountability and leadership can foster) promotes efficiency in goal achievement. Women, Food, and Agriculture Network (WFAN), as discussed inWomen’s Activism and Globalization, have a similar mission. One of their goals is to “instigate change” by building community and sustaining relationships with farmworkers (144).

We also have an ethics committee to monitor our progress. In “Unlikely Godmother,” Margaret Snyder characterizes the United Nations as a “godmother,” which acted as a guardian and advocate for women’s issues (25). Our ethics committee is cognate to the UN, in that it will monitor the efficacy and ethical compliance of our project.

We are facing the global challenge of migrant farmworker rights based on local realities, specifically the lack of resources to farmworkers in the community of Fellsmere, FL. We will be participating in discussion that takes place on a global level with our global partner. By building solidarity between our local and global partners, and ourselves, we will either discover or develop new ideas to cater to the needs of the farmworker population.

Group effectiveness will be measured by involvement of the majority of class members at each event, as well as our ability to fulfill each of the goals we have set. We are also considering the individual gains of each class member, outside of the group as a whole, to be an accomplishment of overall group effectiveness. This includes phone banking with YAYA, fundraising, and planning. We will also strive to maintain sincere communication and ethical interactions with each other and our community partners. We will assess ourselves via individual surveys on group effectiveness.

Community Partner/Global Theme Profile:

We propose to address the larger systemic issues of the treatment and unfair conditions of farmworkers, focusing specifically on women farmworkers. We know that "women produce 70% of the food on earth but they are marginalized and oppressed by neoliberalism and patriarchy" (What Is 1). These systems of oppression often deny those who produce the food basic, equal access to the products they produce. As the price of food increases and becomes more scarce, women become malnourished, "as they eat last after providing for their children and family members" (Desai 21). One possible way of addressing this issue is to "produce food for local consumption" (Desai 24). To lay a foundation for both environmental and production sustainability, it is key that the community eats the food it grows. Local production and consumption can also indirectly address situations of "unsustainable exploitation of workers," who are denied not only equal access to food, but also other resources, such as safe housing and acceptable working conditions (Two Years 1). By establishing themselves as producers of their own food and giving value and recognition to both the unpaid and poorly paid labor, farmworkers can pave the way for change in regard to equal access and fair treatment.

We have not yet been able to contact a global partner. However, when we do, we will be able to find out more about their needs and goals as they relate to our own and therefore participate in both shared learning and activism.

By working in solidarity with YAYA, we are supporting activism enacted “to change the oppressive social, political and economic conditions of farmworkers” (“About”). Human rights violations, such as those our local farmworkers face, are worldwide issues and are experienced in many forms across many communities. While YAYA is “[i]nspired by the principles of nonviolence of the farmworker movement,” we are inspired by the efforts of YAYA and the organization’s slant towards working with, not simply for farmworker communities (“About”). As we work with each other and with YAYA, we will cultivate ethical activism through focusing on our communicative and social interactions.

In addition to hopefully having a positive societal effect, our project will also greatly contribute to our learning experience by relating to the course goals and objectives as defined in the course syllabus. We will gain a practical understanding of how women/feminists construct activism both locally and across borders through personally undertaking a project that acts on both local and global levels. Additionally, as has already happened in our discussions on our project, we will find how “unexamined assumptions” (course syllabus) effect how we act in both theory and practice. We will probably encounter this problem again in our project and will have to learn how to deal with it in whole new ways, as well as learn to deal with other issues that come up in our path. Each of the potential conflicts, however, will ultimately give us a better understanding of how feminists must work to accomplish the results they desire.

3. The Project Proposal:

Our intentions for this project are to forge relationships with farmworker communities on a local to global level, with a focus on women and how their lives are impacted by the work they do. We will accomplish ours goals by dividing them up between the various committees we have created. We will begin to develop a relationship with our local community partner, YAYA, by attending meetings and fulfilling their requested needs for gardening tools and long sleeve shirts. We will also be participating in the Fellsmere Community Garden Event, where we will be gardening, sharing, and preparing a meal, while also learning from one another. We will determine the needs of our global partners through email and meet whatever need(s) that they express at that time.

We will complete our service learning project via the combined resources of each of us as individuals, the resources we have available as UCF students, and the resources of our greater Orlando community. Through the expertise of YAYA and FWAF, we will be able to better understand the ways in which we can use our resources to best serve the needs of the farmworker community. Simultaneously, we will be continuously communicating as a group in order to reevaluate (and therefore possibly alter) our initial methodology, resources, and group organizational structure, in order to best serve our goals.

One of our immediate goals in supporting YAYA and FWAF in the Fellsmere community gardening day is to fundraise one shovel and one rake per student. Another goal is to fundraise the cost per person for our visit, which includes meals and transportation. We believe that these immediate goals are feasible because we have access to different types of resources that will help our fundraising efforts. For example, on-campus technology to make and print materials to advertise fundraising, as well as access to various campus organizations that may support our fundraising events. Our most important goal is to support our community partner and their sustainable relationship building with farmworker communities. Our fundraising efforts will provide the Fellsmere community with the tools that they currently need and will use in the future. We will also be providing labor within the Fellsmere community garden and helping with the upkeep of the plots, a service that FWAF has asked YAYA and our Global class to provide. We hope that through this project we help YAYA strengthen their already established relationship with the Fellsmere community, and that through our collaborative efforts, we also create a sustainable relationship with our community partner.

Timeline:

2/21: Group meeting to discuss project

222: Initial contact with Lariza Garzon of YAYA to confirm partnership

2/24: Contact Global Partner

2/28: Group meeting to discuss project

3/1: In-class presentation by YAYA : The historical events that have led to the current oppressive conditions of the agricultural industry

3/19: Launch T-Shirt Drive

Week of 3/19-3/25: Fundraising Event for Tools, Personal visits to local stores (i.e. Habitat ReStores, Home Depot, Lowe’s) to ask for tool donations

Week of 3/26-3/30: Second Fundraising Event

3/30: Conclude T-Shirt Drive

3/31: Group Travels to Fellsmere

Word Count: 1551

Works Cited

Desai, Manisha. "Transnational Solidarity: Women's Agency, Structural Adjustment, and Globalization." Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics. By Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai. New York: Routledge, 2002. 15-33. Print.

Naples, Nancy A. "The Challenges and Possibilities of Transnational Feminist Praxis." Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics. By Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai. New York: Routledge, 2002. 267-81. Print.

“Two Years After the Events…” La Via Campesina: International Peasant’s Movement. La Via Campesina International Peasant’s Voice. 12 January 2012. Web. 23 February 2012.

“What is La Via Campesina?” La Via Campesina: International Peasant’s Movement. La Via Campesina International Peasant’s Voice. 9 February 2011. Web. 23 February 2012.

Service Learning Proposal

Date: 2/23/12

To: Professor Tweed

From: Kira Peterman

Re: WST 4015 Service Learning Proposal

Mission Statement: To engage in local-to-global activism by supporting sustainable relationship-building alongside members of the farm working community, the Youth and Young Adult Network of the National Farm Worker Ministry (YAYA), and La Via Campesina. Through communication and cooperation we will strive to work with our community partners towards the shared aim of agricultural justice. Furthermore, we intend to make connections from the local farmworker community to the global food sustainability movement.

Organizational Structure:

§ Task-based committees

§ Hold members accountable to completion of assigned tasks

§ Maintain effective communication with group members and community partners

§ Committee Chairperson: liaison for committee

§ Meeting facilitator

§ Ensure meetings run smoothly and in a timely matter

§ Hold meetings with Committee Chairpersons

§ Co-liaisons

§ Communicate with community partners

§ Attend YAYA meetings

§ Secretary

§ Record keeping

§ Attendance

§ Ethics Committee

§ Ensure mindful enacting of project

§ Oversee three strike policy

§ Failure to complete task or attend a designated event results in one strike

§ First and second strikes result in voting restrictions

§ Three strikes result in a meeting with the Ethics Committee and Professor Tweed to discuss the member’s role and future participation in the project

Nancy A. Naples states that many feminist NGOs are “transformed from advocates to professionals serving the needs of neoliberal states” (274). By conceptualizing the issues faced by farmworkers as systemically correlated with the adverse effects of globalization, we are modeling ourselves from the Network of Maquila Workers Rights in Central America, as Maquila workers also face oppression in the workforce based on flawed neoliberal policies (273). In this vein, our group is democratically structured and focuses on working with, rather than for our community. Our goal is to prioritize the needs for which farmworkers express a desire for solidarity. In the spirit of feminist NGOs that have come before us, we endeavor to work as professionals within a committed network of organizers, activists, and farmworkers to prioritize an ethic of communal involvement and service. We have chosen a model that stresses personal accountability, which is imperative to success in any cooperative situation.

Our group’s effectiveness shall be assessed through measures of active participation, thoughtful communication, and shared aims of members, which work together to create group cohesion. We will also critically assess our effectiveness by considering how well we work in solidarity with our community partners and demonstrate feminist organizing as exemplified in course materials.

Community Partner/Global Theme:

We propose to address the larger systemic issues of the treatment and unfair conditions of farm workers, focusing on women farm workers. We know that “women produce 70% of the food on earth but they are marginalized and oppressed by neoliberalism and patriarchy” (What Is 1). These systems of oppression often deny peasants and food producers basic and equal access to the food they produce. As the price of food increases and food is scarcer, women become malnourished, “as they eat last after providing for their children and family members” (Desai 21). One possible way of addressing this issue is to “produce food for local consumption” (Desai 24). To lay a foundation for both environmental and production sustainability, it is key that the community eats the food it grows. Local production and consumption can also indirectly address situations of “unsustainable exploitation of workers,” who are denied not only equal access to food but also other resources, such as safe housing and acceptable working conditions (Two Years 1). By establishing themselves as producers of their own food and giving value and recognition to both the unpaid and poorly paid labor that they do, farmworkers can pave the way for larger systemic and institutional change in regard to equal access and fair treatment.

Our local issue relates to lack of resources and tools available to migrant farmworkers. We will take steps toward providing resources and tools to them by working with YAYA on a community garden project, garden tool donation and long-sleeve t-shirt drive. We may engage our global partner, La Via Campesina, in our donation drive. Throughout this project, weekly email with the La Via Campesina will clarify how our progress works in accord with the organization’s needs.

In addition to hopefully having a positive societal effect, our project will also greatly contribute to our learning experience by relating to the course goals and objectives as defined in the course syllabus. We will gain a practical understanding of how women/feminists construct activism both locally and across borders through personally undertaking a project that acts on both local and global levels. Additionally, as has already happened in our discussions on our project, we will find how “unexamined assumptions” (course syllabus) effect how we act in both theory and practice. We will probably encounter this problem again in our project and will have to learn how to deal with it in whole new ways, as well as learn to deal with other issues that come up in our path. Each of the potential conflicts, however, will ultimately give us a better understanding of how feminists must work to accomplish the results they desire.

Project Proposal

We plan to work with YAYA on their various events, specifically during Farmworker Awareness Week.

Through working together actively and effectively as a group, we plan to tackle this service learning project by breaking up into task based groups to complete each aspect of the project. Group members will complete portions of the project according to interest and are encouraged to ask for help, opinions, and constructive criticism from each other. Using our communication tools like social media and email to make decisions and gain feedback gives every member a chance to be included. To include other members of the community, group members will invite participation from members of their organizations and jobs. We realize that educating as many people in the general community to the needs of the farm workers of Fellsmere, can help encourage more volunteering and thus a sustainable relationship with the Farm worker community we are working with. For advertising, members will contact media outlets we through giving fliers and telling those from nearby businesses to donate funds, long sleeve shirts, and gardening tools to the community.

Building on our community partner YAYA’s existing relationship with the farmworker community, we intend to learn the most effective way of utilizing our local resources in order to maximize our outreach. Through this bond, we aspire to grow as individuals, as well as develop building blocks for better understanding of global and transnational feminist issues.

Project Timeline:

1. February 22: Initial contact with Lariza Garzon of YAYA to confirm partnership

2. February 24: Contact Global Partner

3. March 1: In-class presentation by YAYA

1. The historical events that have led to the current oppressive conditions of the agricultural industry

2. Solidarity (sustainable relationship), privilege, power dynamics, etc.

3. March 10: Fundraising Event

4. March 17: Fundraising Event

5. March 31: Participate in YAYA’s Community Garden Project

1. 8 am Depart Orlando from NFWM office

2. 10 am Arrive To Fellsmere

3. 10:15 am Welcome, introductions and instructions

4. 10:45 am Gardening begins!

5. 1:00 pm Lunch (vegetarian options available)/ short soccer game

6. 2:00 pm Back to gardening!

7. 4:30 pm Debrief

8. 5:15 pm Dinner

9. 6:00 pm Depart Fellsmere

10. 8:00 pm Arrive to Orlando at NFWM Office

11. Date TBD: Debriefing meeting

Works Cited

Desai, Manisha. "Transnational Solidarity: Women's Agency, Structural Adjustment, and Globalization." Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics. By Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai. New York: Routledge, 2002. 15-33. Print.

Naples, Nancy A. "The Challenges and Possibilities of Transnational Feminist Praxis." Women's Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics. By Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai. New York: Routledge, 2002. 267-81. Print.

“Two Years After the Events…” La Via Campesina: International Peasant’s Movement. La Via Campesina International Peasant’s Voice. 12 January 2012. Web. 23 February 2012.

“What is La Via Campesina?” La Via Campesina: International Peasant’s Movement. La Via Campesina International Peasant’s Voice. 9 February 2011. Web. 23 February 2012.

Word Count: 1358